Canadian Studies

151.

The Importance of Teacher Involvement in Curriculum Development (3 Pages, 35.85 $ (USD) )

This is a 3 page paper discussing the importance of teacher involvement in curriculum development. Within the last decade changes in curriculum planning in educational systems has led to an adoption of various planning strategies, some which involve teacher interaction and some which don’t, an evaluation of present and proposed systems, and teachers assessment guidelines in addition to a great deal of controversy in all areas. Studies in the United States have shown that curriculum implementation can only be successful if teachers and communities are involved in the development and implementation of curriculum and structural changes. While progress has been made in some states, the provinces in Canada are having more difficulty implementing curriculum and reforms due to decreased funding and unilateral administrative decisions which have not utilized the expertise of educators in the decision-making process. While cases can be made for a common curriculum, overall researchers and practice have shown that any curriculum change should involve the professional input of teachers as well as those invested in the educational programs, the communities. Bibliography lists 4 sources.

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152.

Italian Immigration Into Canada: The Historical Process and Trends (12 Pages, 143.4 $ (USD) )

This is a 12 page paper discussing the historical process of Italian immigration into Canada. The process for Italian immigration into Canada has varied greatly in accordance with the development of the Immigration Acts over the last century. During the late 1800s and early 1900s, European immigrants were welcomed into Canada and offered land in exchange for their labor in the major industries such as mining, the railroads and the forestry camps and Italians were recruited by labor agents working for these industries and there were very few restrictions in order to meet demand. In 1906 and 1910, the Immigration Acts were introduced were designed to encourage British and American immigrants and restrict others, however industrialists still found that the European workers were still the best compromise in regards to wages paid and labor intensity and Italian immigration was still considerable in regards to the labor market. While little immigration occurred during the Depression and World War II years, after the war a great wave of Italian immigration occurring through a process which involved an alliance between the Canadian government and their new embassy in Rome. The process of family sponsorship created chains of Italian immigrants which was reduced when the points system was introduced in 1967 and placed a great deal of merit on education. The Immigration Act of 1976 lifted a great many of the discriminatory restrictions and allowed once more for immigration based on sponsorship and other aspects in relation to immigration goals and international relations. Bibliography lists 8 sources.

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153.

Summary and Critical Analysis of Arthur J. Ray’s article “Fur Trade History as an Aspect of Native History” (3 Pages, 35.85 $ (USD) )

This is a 3 page paper discussing Arthur J. Ray’s article “Fur Trade History as an Aspect of Native History”. Arthur J. Ray’s article “Fur Trade History as an Aspect of Native History”, presents the reader with an alternative perspective in regards to the fur trade and the relationship between the Natives and the Europeans in early Canadian history. While Ray does not deny the Europeans exploited the Natives throughout history, he nevertheless presents an argument which suggests the possibility that the Natives were not “unintelligent” in their trading methods and indeed controlled a great deal of the competition and the quality of the merchandise traded through the Hudson’s Bay Company. Ray presents good examples and documentation from the 18th century which provides good evidence for his argument, however economically it is clear that despite the important roles the Natives played in the onset of the process, the Europeans nevertheless overcome the influence of the Natives negating most of the argument proposed by Ray. Bibliography lists 1 source.

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154.

Minority Immigrants Living in Poverty: Education and Employment Factors (Canadian Studies Highlighted) (10 Pages, 119.5 $ (USD) )

This is a 10 page paper discussing minority immigrants living in poverty and the relation to education and employment. Within the last decade, increasing high levels of poverty have been recorded in the minority and recent immigrant populations in Canada and the United States. In Canada, recent immigrants make up over 52% of those under the poverty line in urban areas. Traditionally, immigrants coming into Canada whether skilled or unskilled laborers reached the average Canadian income in less than 10 years after their arrival. Educated immigrants previously had attained average or above income. Within the last 10 years however, this has not been the case and educated and professional immigrants are among the poorest population group in Canada along with the uneducated minority immigrants. Part of this is because it had been felt that due to the decline in the labor market, employers do not recognize the foreign credentials of immigrants but many critics also believe that discrimination plays a large part as well. Educational programs within Canada and the United States tend to focus on overcoming the language barrier firstly in addition to upgrading any educational or occupational labor skills. Regardless of the awareness of increased need in this area, many researchers still agree that the greatest barrier for most minority immigrants is racism which unless overcome will continue to reflect in an unequal representation of immigrant groups in poverty. Bibliography lists 9 sources.

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155.

Economic and Labor Responsibilities in Children in Rural Farm Families and Urban Working Class Children: Analysis of Articles by Parr, Sutherland and Bullen (10 Pages, 119.5 $ (USD) )

This is a 10 page paper discussing economic and labor responsibilities in children in rural farm families and urban working class children. Joy Parr’s chapter “Apprentice or Adopted” (1994) and Neil Sutherland’s chapter “The Working Lives of Modern Pioneers” (1997) tell of the work ethics, expectations, patriarchal control, family economic status, and gender role development in rural households and communities. Parr addresses the enterprising structure of families on farms which in addition to their gendered-role structure in which all members of families must contribute to the maintenance of the farm, also takes into account the position of immigrant children apprentices. While many farm children are unable to attend schools because of obligations on the farm, this is further diminished in regards to the immigrant children who have fewer educational opportunities than farm children. Sutherland’s work further argues the opportunities which are missed by rural children who are not always able to go to school because of work obligations on the farm. He argues that urban children, who do not have these same obligations, are therefore offered more educational opportunities and subsequent professional opportunities. John Bullen in his article “Hidden Workers: Child Labour and the Family Economy in Late Nineteenth-Century Urban Ontario” (1992) takes this argument one step further. While agreeing that rural children are at a disadvantage because of their labor obligations, so too are urban working class children who also live within family structures where every family member must contribute either in labor or wages in order to sustain the family lifestyle. In all cases, middle and upper class children who do not have the same labor obligations are given more educational, professional and social mobility opportunities in their stead. Bibliography lists 6 sources.

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156.

The Issue of Labeling Genetically Engineered Foods in Canada (11 Pages, 131.45 $ (USD) )

This is an 11 page paper discussing the issue of labeling genetically engineered foods in Canada. Currently within Canada recent consumer polls have indicated that over 95% of Canadians want genetically engineered (GE) or genetically modified (GM) foods labeled as such. While this may appear to be a straight forward issue simply resolved with mandatory legislation, within Canada there are still no laws requiring labeling of genetically engineered food. Currently, businesses, the government and consumers seem to be at an impasse in regards to voluntary labeling which was introduced in 1999 and the possibility of mandatory labeling currently enforced in over 35 countries worldwide. While mandatory labeling should be introduced in Canada, consumers should also be aware that in order to do so, the federal government will have to implement a complex and costly monitoring process in order to enforce the legislation properly. In addition, because of cross pollination which has already occurred between genetically engineered crops and organic crops, most legislators feel that most labels would have to include the phrase “may contain genetically engineered material” which would not provide the consumer with any more information than he or she has now. While labeling should be considered because of consumer demand, consumers must also realize the impact this may have on Canada within the international market, as Canada now is the world’s third largest producer of genetically engineered crops and its major trading partner, the United States, has no current labeling restrictions. Health Canada and the Canadian Food Inspection Agency (CFIA) are responsible for current labeling policies which focus mainly on health and safety concerns in a product and the mandatory exclusion of non-factual information on a product label. Should GE labeling be required in Canada, it should not deter consumers from the health and safety concerns. Lastly, because genetically engineered foods have been deemed as safe, that is why they are now not required to be labeled. This is also controversial as some advocate that since GE foods have only been in use for 10 years, this is not enough time to evaluate long term impact on consumer health and the environment. Bibliography lists 8 sources.

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157.

Progress for the Aboriginal Population in Canada (3 Pages, 35.85 $ (USD) )

This 3 page paper provides an overview of the problem regarding the treatment of Aboriginal peoples in Canada. The focus is on the Meech Lake Accord and Charlottetown Accord and how they had each affected the treatment of the Aboriginal populous. Bibliography lists 5 sources.

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158.

The Canadian Goods and Services Tax (GST) (8 Pages, 95.6 $ (USD) )

This is an 8 page paper discussing the Canadian Goods and Services Tax (GST). Since its implementation in January 1991, the Canadian Goods and Services Tax (GST) has been an excessive burden to the consumers, businesses, corporations, financial institutions and the federal government itself. The initial implementation costs because of manufacturer costs associated with new accounting systems alone for example reached an estimated $1 million per taxpayer. The continuing annual administration costs to comply are estimated at around $500,000 per taxpayer in addition to a total cost to small businesses of over $1.2 billion annually. The Tax Executives Institute was hired in 1994 to assess the system and while it admitted that the GST system was better for international business than the previous FST (the federal sales tax system it replaced but was invisible to the consumer), overall the administration of the system should be modified to have a higher threshold for registration (introduced and still at $30,000 for small businesses), a lower tax rate, but with fewer exemptions to decrease administrative costs among others. The government did not implement these recommendations so that in addition to the continued annual burden on tax payers in Canada, according to the budget released in February 2003 the government now has to reimburse several educational and municipal organizations for GST payments retroactive to the year the GST was introduced; an additional cost to the Canadian tax payer which has yet to be determined. Bibliography lists 5 sources.

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159.

Aboriginal Consideration and Involvement in Environmental Conservation in Canada (8 Pages, 95.6 $ (USD) )

This is an 8 page paper discussing the consideration for Canadian aboriginals in regards to environmental conservation in Canada. Within the last century in Canada, there has been little consideration for the environmental concerns and land claims proposed by the Canadian aboriginals. Part of reason for this could be that generally, as seen in the work of the Group of Seven, Canadian natives were not linked with the Canadian landscape. While some artists like Emily Carr depicted the disappearing ecology and native cultures the west, generally that work was not well received until recently. The disregard for native concerns continues in governmental and corporate policies administered today in which Canadian aboriginals have had to fight for the preservation of their homeland after industrial legislation has been granted to destroy it either by logging or fishing conflicts. While environmental groups often work hand in hand with the natives in regards to conservation, often times, they too conflict and disregard the aboriginal perspective. While there are some cases in which Canadian aboriginals have been successful in their fight to retain their land and conserve the environment, these struggles are still considered secondary to the desires of the provincial and federal governments and industry. Bibliography lists 7 sources.

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160.

Canadian Prime Ministers since 1970 (7 Pages, 83.65 $ (USD) )

A 7 page research paper that explores the topic of Canadian leadership since 1970. The writer discusses the careers of the prime ministers that have held office since Pierre Trudeau, with the conclusion that Canadian leadership has been faulty or ineffective. Bibliography lists 8 sources.

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